LESSON 2
GRAMMAR
ADVERBIAL CONNECTIVES
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� ��ѧ
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|
Initial ������˵ء�ó� |
Middle �����ҧ�˵ء�ó� |
Final ����ش�˵ء�ó� |
|
to begin with first first of all at first to start with at the beginning initially |
next in the meantime then after this / that afterwards following this before this meanwhile in the meanwhile later eventually during |
finally last lastly last of all at last eventually |
������ҧ
Bill got into the car to drive to
work. First, he buckled his seat belt. Next, he put his key in the
ignition and started the car. After
that, he put the car in reverse and backed out of the driveway. Lastly,
he put the car in drive and drove away.
GRAMMAR EXERCISE
EXERCISE 1
Direction: Complete the passage using the connectives
below. Do not use any word or phrase
more than once.
next first finally
then meanwhile after
that following
this eventually
in
the meantime
My Unexpected Day
This morning on the way to work
in my car, my friend and I had a flat tire. I had never changed a tire but was
certain that I could. 1.
____________ I got the jack and lug wrench out of the trunk. 2. _____________ I took the hub cap off
the wheel and tried to loosen the lugs. 3. _______________ I was able to loosen
them all. 4. ______________ my
friend found a rock to put behind one of the wheels so the car wouldn�t
roll. I put the jack under the car 5.
_______________ and raised the car until the
tire was off the ground. 6. ______________, I took all the nuts off and removed
the wheel.
A
policeman stopped 7. _______________ to see if
we needed any help, but I told him we had everything under control. 8. ______________, I put the spare tire
on and replaced the lugs and tightened them. I then lowered the jack. 9. _______________ I put the flat
tire and all the equipment back in the trunk and we went on to work.
-----------------------------------------------
THE SUFFIX__IZE /
__ISE
������ҧ�ӡ�����¡�����
_ize
������ѧ���Ẻ����ԡѹ ��С����� _ise ������ѧ���Ẻ�ѧ��� ��ͷ��¤ӹ�� ���ͷ�����繤ӡ����
�դ���������� ���������Ҿ����͹�ӹ����� ����������¤Ӥس�Ѿ��
�դ���������� ������դس���ѵ����ҧ�Ӥس�Ѿ����
������ҧ
�ӹ�� �ӡ����
economy ��û����Ѵ economize ������Դ��û����Ѵ
vapor �͹�� vaporize ��������͹��,
�����
harmony ���������׹�ѹ harmonize ���������׹�ѹ
colony �ҳҹԤ� colonize ����������ͧ���
crystal ��֡ crystallize ����鵡��֡
moisture ������� moisturize �����������
�Ӥس�Ѿ�� �ӡ����
visual �����, �֡�Ҿ�� visualize ���������Ҿ, �֡����Ҿ
commercial ����ǡѺ��ä�Ң�� commercialize ������ա�ä�Ң��
equal ������� equalize
������������
special ੾�� specialize �������੾�зҧ
final �ش���� finalize �������������ó�
ideal �ش���� idealize ��������ش����
GRAMMAR EXERCISE
EXERCISE 2
Direction: Choose the
correct form of the word to complete the following sentences.
1.
This teacher always tries to social / socialize her new students at a very young
age.
2.
At this school, we try
to individual / individualize each student�s instruction.
3.
The movie
was not a commercial / commercialize success.
4.
I don�t know whether
that is George�s final / finalize decision or not.
5.
Arthur flew to Europe
to public / publicize the plight of the
refugees.
6.
The water in that lake
should vapor / vaporize and form huge clouds.
7.
Jan decided that I was
the ideal / idealize person to take over that job.
8.
Jane was a real /
realize swimmer in the swimming competition.
9.
You have few friends
on this base. Maybe you should social
/ socialize more.
10.
Hollywood is going to economy
/ economize on movie budgets.
11.
There is a drive to standard
/ standardize the components of models on offer.
12.
Irving Brokaw, who had
studied figure skating in Europe, returned to the US and was expected to popular
/ popularize the new sport.
FUTURE PERFECT
TENSE
����ö��Ѻ�˵ء�ó� 2
���ҧ�����Դ�����������ѹ�͹Ҥ� ��觢�з��ٴ����§��äҴ��ó������ǧ˹�����
��Ҷ֧���ҹ���͹Ҥ�
�����˵ء�ó�˹���Դ������ҧ����ó������͹ �������ա�˵ء�ó�˹���Դ��鹵����
������ѡ��ôѧ���仹��
- �˵ء�ó����Դ��鹡�͹
Future Perfect Tense
|
Subject |
Will / shall |
have |
V.3 |
- �˵ء�ó����Դ��������ѧ Present
Simple Tense
|
Subject |
V.1 |
������ҧ
-
The play will have
started before we reach the theater.
�Фä���������ʴ�����
��͹���ǡ��Ҩ�件֧�ç�Ф�
- He will have left home when the mail arrives tomorrow.
�Ҥ������͡�ҡ��ҹ�����
����ͨ������Ҷ֧��ѹ���觹��
- Bill will have worked in the office for 5 years by the time
his boss promotes him to be a supervisor.
��Ť��зӧҹ����ӹѡ�ҹ�� � ������
��͹����¢ͧ�Ҩ�����͹���˹�����������˹��
GRAMMAR EXERCISE
EXERCISE 3
Direction: Make a
sentence in the future perfect tense that contains the information in the sentences
given.
1.
The thief will escape.
Then the police will arrives.
______________________________________________________________________
2.
Alice will receive her
salary today. I will receive mine
tomorrow.
______________________________________________________________________
3.
I will have a chance
to get a good deal this week. I
will buy a new apartment next week.
______________________________________________________________________
4.
Jack has saved a lot
of money. He will go on a trip to
Austria.
______________________________________________________________________
5.
LT Rogers will have a
brief at 1300. We will arrive at
the auditorium.
______________________________________________________________________
6.
I will go to a concert
tonight. I will finish my homework
this evening.
______________________________________________________________________
7.
We have walked for
half an hour. We will get to the
car.
______________________________________________________________________
8.
Sam will clean the
kitchen this afternoon. His wife
will be back from Europe this evening.
______________________________________________________________________
9.
CAPT Lewis will get
married next month. He has served
in the Navy for 15 years next week.
______________________________________________________________________
10.
Helen will leave on
her vacation tomorrow. She will
send me her report this evening.
______________________________________________________________________
---------------------------------------
FUTURE PERFECT
PROGRESSIVE TENSE
����ѡ���������͹
Future Perfect Tense �ء��С�� ����Ǥ�� ����ö��Ѻ�˵ء�ó�
2 �˵ء�ó� �����Դ�����������ѹ�͹Ҥ� ��觢�з��ٴ����§��äҴ��ó������ǧ˹�����
��Ҷ֧���ҹ���͹Ҥ� �����˵ء�ó�˹���˵ء�ó����Դ������ҧ����ó������͹
���Ǩ֧���ա�˵ء�ó�˹���Դ��鹵���� ������ future perfect
progressive tense ���
���鹤���������ͧ�ͧ��á�з��������Թ������ҧ������ͧ�ѹ� �������Ͷ֧���ҹ�� ��á�зӡ��ѧ�����Թ����
����ѧ���Թ�����ա��������ش ������ٻ����¤�ѧ���
|
Subject |
will / shall |
have |
been |
V.ing |
������ҧ
-
I have been studying since 5 o�clock this morning. I will continue studying until 3 o�clock
this afternoon. By that time I will
have been studying for ten hours.
�����˹ѧ����ҵ����
� ���ԡҢͧ��ҹ�� ��Шдٵ��仨��֧���� � ��� �������Ͷ֧���ҹ�� ��������˹ѧ����� �� �����������
- By eleven o�clock I will have been working for three
hours.
����Ͷ֧���� �� ���ԡ� ������ӧҹ
(�Դ��͡ѹ��) ������ � �����������
- When you arrive, he will have been
waiting for you two hours.
����ͤس�Ҷ֧
�Ҥ������ͤس (�Դ��͡ѹ) �������� � �����������
GRAMMAR EXERCISE
EXERCISE 4
Direction: Change the
following sentences to the future perfect progressive. Add when, by the time,
or before if necessary.
1.
Tina will study
nursing for four years. Then she
will graduate from this nursing college.
______________________________________________________________________
2.
By 5:00 it will be 24
hours since Fred began to run a temperature.
______________________________________________________________________
3.
This Monday it will be
10 years since Helen began working here as a nurse.
______________________________________________________________________
4.
Lisa will read this
book for two weeks. Then she will
take a test.
______________________________________________________________________
5.
I will sleep for nine
hours. Then my alarm clock will
ring.
______________________________________________________________________
6.
Next month it will be
half a year since Janet began running her own business.
______________________________________________________________________
7.
Joe will wait for us
for half an hour. Then he will go
to a cinema.
______________________________________________________________________
8.
We will work as
executive managers for 25 years. Then we will travel around the world.
______________________________________________________________________
9.
LT McIntire will do
exercise for 2 hour. Then we arrive
at the gym.
______________________________________________________________________
10.
It will snow for two
days. Then I will arrive in New
York.
______________________________________________________________________
$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$
VOCABULARY
- fix up (v.) =
to repair or improve the condition of
=
������, ��Ѻ��ا
- appropriate
(adj.) = suitable; right and
proper
=
�������
- desire
(n.) =
a wish or want
= �������ö��, ������ͧ���
- desire (v.) =
to wish or want
= ���ö��, ��ͧ���
- coat (n.) =
layer of paint or some other substances put on a surface at one time
= ������ͺ, �����ͺ
- coated (adj.) =
having a coat or covering
= ���Ѻ������ͺ, �١���ͺ���
- leave
out (v.) =
to omit or exclude
= �¡�͡�, �ҡ�͡�, ���
- get one�s hands on
(exp.) = to acquire
=
���Ѻ, ��ҡ��
- mount (v.) =
to get up on or put onto, to provide (someone) with a horse for riding
= ��� (��), ����������
- teamwork
(n.) =
cooperative effort for a common cause
= ���������͡ѹ�繤��
- portable
(adj.) =
easily to be carried; not fixed permanently in place
= ������, ����ö����͹������
- pile (n.) =
number of things lying one upon another
= �ͧ, �ͧ����� ��觷�����ҧ����ѹ���
- pile (v.) =
to place things on top of others
= ���, �ͧ, �ҧ��͹�ѹ
- stack (n.) =
an orderly pile neatly arranged
= �ͧ (����, �ҧ, ���, �׹)
- stack (v.) =
to arrange into a neat pile
= �ҧ���§��͹�ѹ�繡ͧ
- roll (v.) =
to move on wheels or rollers
= ����
- slide (v.) =
to move smoothly on a surface
= ���, ��, ����͹
- dismount (v.) = to
get or take down from
= ��ŧ��, ŧ�ҡ��ѧ���
- light
bulb (n.) =
electrical device that emits light
= ��ʹ�
- hinge (n.) =
movable joint
= �ҹ�Ѻ
- trace (v.) =
to follow or discover something by finding or noticing marks
= �ӵ��, �Թ仵�� (�ҧ), �׺�ҹ
- alternate (v.) =
to do by turns
= ��Ѵ����¹
- bubble (n.) =
a thin film of liquid or solid material containing air or gas
=
�ͧ
- mark
(n.) =
sign or indication of a quality, feeling, etc.
= ����ͧ����
- dip (v.) =
to lower then raise
= ����
- groove (n.) =
a long, narrow path or trace in a surface of hard material
= ��ͧ, ��ͧ
- pull apart (v.) = to
separate with a force that causes movement in the direction of the force
= �ش, ��Ъҡ, �ҡ
- line
up (v.) =
to get in line; to align
= �Ѵ���§
- malformed
(adj.) = badly formed or
shaped
= �Դ�Ѵ��ǹ
- miscount
(v.) =
to count something wrongly
= �Ѻ�Դ, �ӹdz�Դ
VOCABULARY EXERCISE
EXERCISE 1
Direction: Complete
the sentences with the words listed below.
dip bubble in the first place mark trace
1. George wanted to
paint his house. He started to
paint the wall by following along the edges with a paint brush; ____________
the line of the woodwork.
2. Start painting the
wall by following along the edges with a paint brush; _____________ the line of
the woodwork.
3. Don�t leave the
pockets of air in the painted surface; don�t leave ____________ in the fresh paint.
4. Too many strokes
will leave visible impressions of the brush in the painted surface. Brush _____________ will show.
5. Lower the paint
brush into the paint and then raise it; _____________
the brush into the paint.
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Direction: Complete
the sentences with the words listed below.
line up leave out coat desire hinges
6. You had better follow
all the steps that I told; don�t _____________ any of them.
7. Sarah feels an
overwhelming _____________ to return home next week.
8. I recommend you
give the walls a second ______________ of paint to be brighter.
9. The top swung open on
well-oiled ______________.
10. Helen will ______________ her bottles on the shelf to look neater.
ANSWER KEY
GRAMMAR EXERCISE
EXERCISE 1
Direction: Complete the passage using the connectives
below. Do not use any word or phrase more than once.
next first finally
then meanwhile after
that following
this eventually
in
the meantime
My Unexpected Day
This morning on the way to work
in my car, my friend and I had a flat tire. I had never changed a tire but was
certain that I could. 1. First I got the jack and lug wrench out
of the trunk. 2. Then I took the hub cap off the wheel
and tried to loosen the lugs.
3. Eventually
I was able to loosen them all. 4. Meanwhile
my friend found a rock to put behind one of the wheels, so the car wouldn�t
roll. I put the jack under the car 5.
next and raised the car until the tire
was off the ground. 6. After
that, I took all the nuts off and removed the wheel.
A
policeman stopped 7. in the meantime to
see if we needed any help, but I told him we had everything under control. 8. Following this, I put the spare
tire on and replaced the lugs and tightened them. I then lowered the jack. 9. Finally I put the flat tire and
all the equipment back in the trunk and we went on to work.
---------------------------------------------------------
EXERCISE 2
Direction: Choose the
correct form of the word to complete the following sentences.
1.
This teacher always tries to social / socialize her new students at a very young
age.
2.
At this school we try
to individual / individualize each student�s instruction.
3.
The movie
was not a commercial / commercialize success.
4.
I don�t know whether
that is George�s final / finalize decision or not.
5.
Arthur flew to Europe
to public / publicize the plight
of the refugees.
6.
The water in that lake
should vapor / vaporize and form huge clouds.
7.
Jan decided that I was
the ideal / idealize person to take over that job.
8.
Jane was a real /
realize swimmer in the swimming competition.
9.
You have few friends
on this base. Maybe you should social
/ socialize more.
10.
Hollywood is going to economy / economize on movie budgets.
11.
There is a drive to standard
/ standardize the components of models on offer.
12.
Irving Brokaw, who had
studied figure skating in Europe, returned to the US and was expected to popular
/ popularize the new sport.
----------------------------------------
EXERCISE 3
Direction: Make a
sentence in the future perfect tense that contains the information in the sentences
given. Use a time expression beginning with before, by, by the time, or when.
1.
The thief will escape.
Then the police will arrives.
The
thief will have escaped by the time the police arrive.
2.
Alice will receive her
salary today. I will receive mine tomorrow.
Alice will have received her salary before I receive mine.
3.
I will have a chance
to get a good deal this week. I will buy a new apartment next week.
I will have had a chance to get a good deal before I buy a new
apartment.
4.
Jack has saved a lot
of money. He will go on a trip to
Austria.
Jack
will have saved a lot of money when he goes on a trip to Austria.
5.
LT Rogers will have a
brief at 1300. We will arrive at
the auditorium.
We
will have arrived at the auditorium by the time LT Rogers has a brief.
6.
I will go to a concert
tonight. I will finish my homework
this evening.
I
will have finished my homework before I go to a concert.
7.
We have walked for
half an hour. We will get to the
car.
When
we get to the car, we will have walked for half an hour.
8.
Sam will clean the
kitchen this afternoon. His wife
will be back from Europe this evening.
Sam
will have cleaned the kitchen before his wife is back from Europe.
9.
CAPT Lewis will get
married next month. He has served
in the Navy for 15 years next week.
CAPT
Lewis will have served in the Navy for 15 years by the time he gets married.
10.
Helen will leave on
her vacation tomorrow. She will send me her report this evening.
Helen
will have sent me her report before she leaves on her vacation.
-------------------------------
EXERCISE 4
Direction: Change the
following sentences to the future perfect progressive. Add when, by the time,
or before if necessary.
1.
Tina will study
nursing for four years. Then she
will graduate from this nursing college.
Tina will have been studying nursing for four years by the time she
graduates from this nursing college.
2.
By 5:00 it will be 24
hours since Fred began to run a temperature.
By 5:00 Fred will have been running a temperature for 24 hours.
3.
This Monday it will be
10 years since Helen began working here as a nurse.
By this Monday Helen will have been working here as a nurse for 10
years.
4.
Lisa will read this
book for two weeks. Then she will take a test.
Lisa will have been reading this book for two weeks before she takes
a test.
5.
I will sleep for nine
hours. Then my alarm clock will ring.
I
will have been sleeping for nine hours when my alarm clock rings.
6.
Next month it will be
half a year since Janet began running her own business.
By
next month Janet will have been running her own business for half a year.
7.
Joe will wait for us
for half an hour. Then he will go to a cinema.
Joe
will have been waiting for us for half and hour by the time he goes to a
cinema.
8.
We will work as
executive managers for 25 years. Then we will travel around the world.
We
will have been working as executive managers for 25 years before we travel around
the world.
9.
LT McIntire will do
exercise for 2 hours. Then we
arrive at the gym.
LT
McIntire will have been doing exercise for 2 hours when we arrive at the gym.
10.
It will snow for two
days. Then I will arrive in New York.
It
will have been snowing for two days when I arrive in New York.
VOCABULARY EXERCISE
EXERCISE 1
Direction: Complete
the sentences with the words listed below.
dip bubble in the first place mark trace
1. George wanted to
paint his house. He started to paint the wall by following along the edges with a
paint brush; in the first place the line of the woodwork.
2. Start painting the
wall by following along the edges with a paint brush; trace the line of
the woodwork.
3. Don�t leave the
pockets of air in the painted surface; don�t leave bubbles in the fresh paint.
4. Too many strokes
will leave visible impressions of the brush in the painted surface. Brush marks will show.
5. Lower the paint
brush into the paint and then raise it; dip the brush into the paint.
---------------------------------------
Direction: Complete
the sentences with the words listed below.
line up leave out coat desire hinges
6. You had better
follow all the steps that I told; don�t leave out any of them.
7. Sarah feels an
overwhelming desire to return home next week.
8. I recommend you
give the walls a second coat of paint to be brighter.
9. The top swung open
on well-oiled hinges.
10. Helen will line
up her bottles on the shelf to look neater.
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%